Tiny fragment bears oldest script found in Jerusalem
A tiny clay fragment dating from the 14th century BC, which was discovered outside Jerusalem's Old City walls, contains the oldest written document found in the city, researchers say.Gaius Julius Hyginus (/hɨˈdʒaɪnəs/; c. 64 BC – AD 17) was a Latin author, a pupil of the famous Cornelius Alexander Polyhistor, and a freedman of Caesar Augustus. He was elected superintendent of the Palatine library by Augustus according to Suetonius' De Grammaticis, 20.[1] It is not clear whether Hyginus was a native of the Iberian Peninsula or of Alexandria.
Suetonius remarks that he fell into great poverty in his old age, and was supported by the historian Clodius Licinus. Hyginus was a voluminous author: his works included topographical and biographical treatises, commentaries on Helvius Cinna and the poems of Virgil, and disquisitions on agriculture and bee-keeping. All these are lost.
Under the name of Hyginus there are extant what are probably two sets of school notes abbreviating his treatises on mythology; one is a collection of Fabulae("stories"), the other a "Poetical Astronomy".
The lunar crater Hyginus and the minor planet 12155 Hyginus are named after him.
Contents
[hide]Fabulae[edit]
Fabulae consists of some three hundred very brief and plainly, even crudely told myths and celestial genealogies,[2] made by an author who was characterized by his modern editor, H. J. Rose, as adulescentem imperitum, semidoctum, stultum—"an ignorant youth, semi-learned, stupid"—but valuable for the use made of works of Greek writers of tragedy that are now lost. Arthur L. Keith, reviewing H. J. Rose's edition (1934) of Hygini Fabulae for the Loeb Classical Library[3] wondered "at the caprices of Fortune who has allowed many of the plays of an Aeschylus, the larger portion of Livy's histories, and other priceless treasures to perish, while this school-boy's exercise has survived to become the pabulum of scholarly effort." Hyginus' compilation represents in primitive form what every educated Roman in the age of the Antonines was expected to know of Greek myth, at the simplest level. The Fabulae are a mine of information today, when so many more nuanced versions of the myths have been lost.
The 3,350-year-old clay fragment was uncovered during sifting of fill excavated from beneath a 10th century BC tower, dating from the period of King Solomon in an area near the southern wall of the Old City, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem said today in an emailed statement. Details of the find appear in the current Israel Exploration Journal.
The find, believed to be part of a tablet from a royal archive, further testifies to the importance of Jerusalem as a major city in the Late Bronze Age, long before its conquest by King David, the statement said.
The fragment, which is two centimetres (less than one inch) by 2.8 centimetres in size and one centimetre thick, contains cuneiform, or wedge-shaped, symbols in ancient Akkadian. The fragment was likely part of a royal missive, according to Wayne Horowitz, a scholar of Assyriology at the Hebrew University Institute of Archaeology.
Tablets with diplomatic messages were routinely exchanged between kings in the ancient Near East, and it is likely that the fragment was part of such a message, Horowitz said in the statement. The symbols on the fragment include the words 'you', 'you were,' 'later,' 'to do' and 'them,' according to the statement.
The oldest known written record previously found in Jerusalem was a tablet found in the Shiloah water tunnel in the City of David area from the 8th century B.C. reign of King Hezekiah. The fragment found in Jerusalem is believed to be contemporary with some 380 tablets discovered in the 19th century at Amarna in Egypt in the archives of Pharaoh Amenhotep IV, or Akhenaten, who lived in the 14th century B C The archives include tablets sent to him by the kings who were subservient to him in Canaan and Syria. Among these are six that are addressed from Abdi-Heba, the Canaanite ruler of Jerusalem.
Related Articles
http://www.heisnear.com/EuphratesRiverDryingUp.html
Meta (from the Greek preposition and prefix meta- (μετά-) meaning "after" or "beyond") is a prefix used in English to indicate a concept which is an abstraction from another concept, used to complete or add to the latter.
Contents; missing components
In Greek, the prefix meta- is generally less esoteric than in English; Greek meta- is equivalent to the Latin words post- or ad-. The use of the prefix in this sense occurs occasionally in scientific English terms derived from Greek. For example: the term Metatheria (the name for the clade of marsupial mammals) uses the prefixmeta- merely in the sense that the Metatheria occur on the tree of life adjacent to the Theria (the placental mammals).
Logic Based on Inclusion and Abstraction, The Journal of Symbolic Logic, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 145–152, December 1937
Great Tribulation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Tribulation)
This article uses bare URLs for citations, which may be threatened by link rot. (May 2014)
Christian eschatology Eschatology views
[show]Contrasting beliefs
[show]The Millennium
[show]Biblical texts
[show]Key terms
The Great Tribulation (Greek: θλίψις μεγάλη, thlipsis megalē) refers to tumultuous events that are described during the "signs of the times", first mentioned by Jesus in the Olivet discourse.[1] The Great Tribulation is also referenced in the Book of Revelation.[2]
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Tribulation)
| This article uses bare URLs for citations, which may be threatened by link rot. (May 2014) |
| Christian eschatology | ||
|---|---|---|
| Eschatology views | ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
The Great Tribulation (Greek: θλίψις μεγάλη, thlipsis megalē) refers to tumultuous events that are described during the "signs of the times", first mentioned by Jesus in the Olivet discourse.[1] The Great Tribulation is also referenced in the Book of Revelation.[2]
Contents
Biblical description[edit]
Within the ninth chapter of the Book of Revelation, the Tribulation is described as follows:
- And the fifth angel trumpeted, and I saw a star out of heaven fallen to the earth, and to him was given the key of the pit of the abyss.
- And he opened the pit of the abyss, and smoke went up out of the pit like the smoke of a great furnace; and the sun and the air were darkened by the smoke of the pit.
- And out of the smoke came forth locusts to the earth, and to them power was given, as the scorpions of the earth have power.
- And it was said to them that they should not harm the grass of the earth or any green thing or any tree, but men who do not have the seal of God on their foreheads.
- And it was given them that they should not kill them, but that they should be tormented five months; and their torment was like the torment of a scorpion when it strikes a man.
- And in those days men will seek death and shall by no means find it; and they will long to die, and death flees from them.
- And the locusts were like horses prepared for war, and on their heads there were as it were crowns like gold, and their faces were like faces of men.
- And they had hair like the hair of women, and their teeth were like the teeth of lions.
- And they had breastplates like breastplates of iron; and the sound of their wings was like the sound of chariots of many horses rushing into war.
- And they have tails like scorpions, and stings; and in their tails is their power to harm men for five months.
- They have a king over them, the angel of the abyss; his name in Hebrew is Abaddon; and in Greek he has the name Apollyon.
- The first woe has passed; behold, two woes are yet coming after these things.
- And the sixth angel trumpeted, and I heard a voice out of the four horns of the golden altar which is before God
- Saying to the sixth angel who had the trumpet, Release the four angels who are bound at the great river Euphrates.
- And the four angels were released, who had been prepared for the hour and day and month and year that they might kill the third part of men.
- And the number of the armies of horsemen was two hundred million; I heard their number.
- And thus I saw the horses in the vision and those sitting on them, having breastplates of afire and of hyacinth and of brimstone; and the heads of the horses were like the heads of lions, and out of their mouths proceed fire and smoke and brimstone.
- By these three plagues the third part of the men were killed, by the fire and the smoke and the brimstone proceeding out of their mouths.
- For the power of the horses is in their mouth and in their tails; for their tails are like serpents and have heads, and with them they harm men.
- And the rest of the men, who were not killed by these plagues, still did not repent of the works of their hands, so as not to worship the demons and the idols of gold and silver and brass and stone and wood, which can neither see nor hear nor walk;
- And they did not repent of their murders or of their sorceries or of their fornication or of their thefts.
Within the ninth chapter of the Book of Revelation, the Tribulation is described as follows:
- And the fifth angel trumpeted, and I saw a star out of heaven fallen to the earth, and to him was given the key of the pit of the abyss.
- And he opened the pit of the abyss, and smoke went up out of the pit like the smoke of a great furnace; and the sun and the air were darkened by the smoke of the pit.
- And out of the smoke came forth locusts to the earth, and to them power was given, as the scorpions of the earth have power.
- And it was said to them that they should not harm the grass of the earth or any green thing or any tree, but men who do not have the seal of God on their foreheads.
- And it was given them that they should not kill them, but that they should be tormented five months; and their torment was like the torment of a scorpion when it strikes a man.
- And in those days men will seek death and shall by no means find it; and they will long to die, and death flees from them.
- And the locusts were like horses prepared for war, and on their heads there were as it were crowns like gold, and their faces were like faces of men.
- And they had hair like the hair of women, and their teeth were like the teeth of lions.
- And they had breastplates like breastplates of iron; and the sound of their wings was like the sound of chariots of many horses rushing into war.
- And they have tails like scorpions, and stings; and in their tails is their power to harm men for five months.
- They have a king over them, the angel of the abyss; his name in Hebrew is Abaddon; and in Greek he has the name Apollyon.
- The first woe has passed; behold, two woes are yet coming after these things.
- And the sixth angel trumpeted, and I heard a voice out of the four horns of the golden altar which is before God
- Saying to the sixth angel who had the trumpet, Release the four angels who are bound at the great river Euphrates.
- And the four angels were released, who had been prepared for the hour and day and month and year that they might kill the third part of men.
- And the number of the armies of horsemen was two hundred million; I heard their number.
- And thus I saw the horses in the vision and those sitting on them, having breastplates of afire and of hyacinth and of brimstone; and the heads of the horses were like the heads of lions, and out of their mouths proceed fire and smoke and brimstone.
- By these three plagues the third part of the men were killed, by the fire and the smoke and the brimstone proceeding out of their mouths.
- For the power of the horses is in their mouth and in their tails; for their tails are like serpents and have heads, and with them they harm men.
- And the rest of the men, who were not killed by these plagues, still did not repent of the works of their hands, so as not to worship the demons and the idols of gold and silver and brass and stone and wood, which can neither see nor hear nor walk;
- And they did not repent of their murders or of their sorceries or of their fornication or of their thefts.
Views of the Tribulation[edit]
Futurist view[edit]
In the futurist view of Christian eschatology, the Tribulation is a relatively short period of time where everyone will experience worldwide hardships, disasters, famine, war, pain, and suffering, which will wipe out more than 75% of all life on the earth before the Second Coming takes place. Some (Pre-Tribulationists) believe that those who choose to follow God, will be Raptured before the tribulation, and thus escape it.
According to Dispensationalists who hold the futurist view, the Tribulation is thought to occur before the Second Coming of Jesus and during the End Times. Another version holds that it will last seven years in all, being the last of Daniel's prophecy of seventy weeks. This viewpoint was first made popular by John Nelson Darby in the 19th century and was recently popularized by Hal Lindsey in The Late Great Planet Earth. It is theorized that each week represents seven years, with the timetable beginning from Artaxerxes' order to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem (the Second Temple). After seven plus 62 weeks, the prophecy says that the messiahwill be "cut off", which is taken to correspond to the death of Christ. This is seen as creating a break of indeterminate length in the timeline, with one week remaining to be fulfilled.
This seven-year week may be further divided into two periods of 3.5 years each, from the two 3.5-year periods in Daniel's prophecy where the last seven years are divided into two 3.5-year periods, (Daniel 9:27) The time period for these beliefs is also based on other passages: in the book of Daniel, "time, times, and half a time", interpreted as "a year, two years, and half a year," and the Book of Revelation, "a thousand two hundred and threescore days" and "forty and two months" (the prophetic month averaging 30 days, hence 1260/30 = 42 months or 3.5 years). The 1290 days of Daniel 12:11, (rather than the 1260 days of Revelation 11:3), is thought to be the result of either a simple intercalary leap month adjustment, or due to further calculations related to the prophecy, or due to an intermediate stage of time that is to prepare the world for the beginning of the millennial reign.[3]
In the futurist view of Christian eschatology, the Tribulation is a relatively short period of time where everyone will experience worldwide hardships, disasters, famine, war, pain, and suffering, which will wipe out more than 75% of all life on the earth before the Second Coming takes place. Some (Pre-Tribulationists) believe that those who choose to follow God, will be Raptured before the tribulation, and thus escape it.
According to Dispensationalists who hold the futurist view, the Tribulation is thought to occur before the Second Coming of Jesus and during the End Times. Another version holds that it will last seven years in all, being the last of Daniel's prophecy of seventy weeks. This viewpoint was first made popular by John Nelson Darby in the 19th century and was recently popularized by Hal Lindsey in The Late Great Planet Earth. It is theorized that each week represents seven years, with the timetable beginning from Artaxerxes' order to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem (the Second Temple). After seven plus 62 weeks, the prophecy says that the messiahwill be "cut off", which is taken to correspond to the death of Christ. This is seen as creating a break of indeterminate length in the timeline, with one week remaining to be fulfilled.
This seven-year week may be further divided into two periods of 3.5 years each, from the two 3.5-year periods in Daniel's prophecy where the last seven years are divided into two 3.5-year periods, (Daniel 9:27) The time period for these beliefs is also based on other passages: in the book of Daniel, "time, times, and half a time", interpreted as "a year, two years, and half a year," and the Book of Revelation, "a thousand two hundred and threescore days" and "forty and two months" (the prophetic month averaging 30 days, hence 1260/30 = 42 months or 3.5 years). The 1290 days of Daniel 12:11, (rather than the 1260 days of Revelation 11:3), is thought to be the result of either a simple intercalary leap month adjustment, or due to further calculations related to the prophecy, or due to an intermediate stage of time that is to prepare the world for the beginning of the millennial reign.[3]
Events[edit]
Among futurists there are differing views about what will happen to Christians during the Tribulation:
- Pretribulationists believe that all Christians (dead and alive) will be taken bodily up to Heaven (called the Rapture) before the Tribulation begins.[4][5][6] According to this belief, every true Christian that has ever existed throughout the course of the entire Christian era will be instantaneously transformed into a perfect resurrected body, and will thus escape the trials of the Tribulation. Those who become Christians after the rapture will live through (or perish during) the Tribulation. After the Tribulation, Christ will return to establish His Millennial Kingdom.
- Prewrath Tribulationists believe the Rapture will occur during the tribulation, halfway through or after, but before the seven bowls of the wrath of God.
- Midtribulationists believe that the Rapture will occur halfway through the Tribulation, but before the worst part of it occurs. The seven-year period is divided into halves—the "beginning of sorrows" and the "great tribulation".
- Posttribulationists believe that Christians will not be taken up into Heaven, but will be received or gathered by Christ into the Kingdom of God on earth at the end of the Tribulation. "Immediately after the tribulation ... then shall appear the sign of the Son of Man [Jesus] ... and he shall gather his elect" (Matthew 24:29–31; Mark 13:24–27; Luke 21:25–27). Posttribulationists argue that the seventh trumpet mentioned in Revelation is also the last trumpet mentioned in 1 Corinthians 15:52, and that there is a strong correlation between the events mentioned in Isaiah 27:13, Matthew 24:29-31, and 1 Thessalonians 4:16—thus creating a strong parallel, proving that the rapture occurs after the tribulation. Therefore, Posttribulationists see the rapture happening during the seventh trumpet, which would only mean that the rapture can never happen before the tribulation—according to this view. Significantly, 1 Thessalonians 4:16 states "the dead in Christ shall rise first" (the first resurrection) and Revelation 20:4-5 (after chapters 6-19 and after Satan is bound) says, "They came to life, and reigned with Christ a thousand years. The rest of the dead did not come to life until the thousand years were ended. This is the first resurrection. Blessed and holy is he who shares in the first resurrection!" The idea of a post-tribulation rapture can also be read into 2 Peter 3:10-13 where Christ's return is equated with the "elements being melted" and "the earth also and the works therein shall be burned up."[improper synthesis?]
In pretribulationism and midtribulationism, the Rapture and the Second Coming (or Greek, par[a]ousia) of Christ are separate events, while in post-tribulationism the two events are identical or simultaneous. Another feature of the pre- and mid-tribulation beliefs is the idea that after the Rapture, Christ will return for a third time (when also counting the first coming) to set up his kingdom on the earth.[citation needed]
Some, including many Roman Catholic theologians,[citation needed] do not believe in a "time of trouble" period as usually described by tribulationists, but rather that there will be a near utopian period led by the Antichrist.
The Waldensians claim to be the woman in the wilderness church as written in Daniel and Revelations who have fulfilled the 1260 year prophecy of the great tribulation, the Catholic Inquisition lasting 500 years having started in the 13th century, the final end of the 1260 year persecution.[7]
Many other groups, such as Jehovah's Witnesses, do not believe in a Rapture at any point.[8] According to Jehovah's Witnesses, the Great Tribulation is soon to arrive. This period will see the destruction of Babylon the Great, the Great Harlot, as spoken of in Revelation. After Babylon the Great has been removed, they say, the world powers shall move against God's chosen people for a short while. This will then usher in the ending of this "world" (not the earth, but the destruction of all those who do not wish to follow God) according to their understanding of Proverbs 2:21-22. The Great Tribulation ends with the battle of Armageddon.[9][10]
Among futurists there are differing views about what will happen to Christians during the Tribulation:
- Pretribulationists believe that all Christians (dead and alive) will be taken bodily up to Heaven (called the Rapture) before the Tribulation begins.[4][5][6] According to this belief, every true Christian that has ever existed throughout the course of the entire Christian era will be instantaneously transformed into a perfect resurrected body, and will thus escape the trials of the Tribulation. Those who become Christians after the rapture will live through (or perish during) the Tribulation. After the Tribulation, Christ will return to establish His Millennial Kingdom.
- Prewrath Tribulationists believe the Rapture will occur during the tribulation, halfway through or after, but before the seven bowls of the wrath of God.
- Midtribulationists believe that the Rapture will occur halfway through the Tribulation, but before the worst part of it occurs. The seven-year period is divided into halves—the "beginning of sorrows" and the "great tribulation".
- Posttribulationists believe that Christians will not be taken up into Heaven, but will be received or gathered by Christ into the Kingdom of God on earth at the end of the Tribulation. "Immediately after the tribulation ... then shall appear the sign of the Son of Man [Jesus] ... and he shall gather his elect" (Matthew 24:29–31; Mark 13:24–27; Luke 21:25–27). Posttribulationists argue that the seventh trumpet mentioned in Revelation is also the last trumpet mentioned in 1 Corinthians 15:52, and that there is a strong correlation between the events mentioned in Isaiah 27:13, Matthew 24:29-31, and 1 Thessalonians 4:16—thus creating a strong parallel, proving that the rapture occurs after the tribulation. Therefore, Posttribulationists see the rapture happening during the seventh trumpet, which would only mean that the rapture can never happen before the tribulation—according to this view. Significantly, 1 Thessalonians 4:16 states "the dead in Christ shall rise first" (the first resurrection) and Revelation 20:4-5 (after chapters 6-19 and after Satan is bound) says, "They came to life, and reigned with Christ a thousand years. The rest of the dead did not come to life until the thousand years were ended. This is the first resurrection. Blessed and holy is he who shares in the first resurrection!" The idea of a post-tribulation rapture can also be read into 2 Peter 3:10-13 where Christ's return is equated with the "elements being melted" and "the earth also and the works therein shall be burned up."[improper synthesis?]
In pretribulationism and midtribulationism, the Rapture and the Second Coming (or Greek, par[a]ousia) of Christ are separate events, while in post-tribulationism the two events are identical or simultaneous. Another feature of the pre- and mid-tribulation beliefs is the idea that after the Rapture, Christ will return for a third time (when also counting the first coming) to set up his kingdom on the earth.[citation needed]
Some, including many Roman Catholic theologians,[citation needed] do not believe in a "time of trouble" period as usually described by tribulationists, but rather that there will be a near utopian period led by the Antichrist.
The Waldensians claim to be the woman in the wilderness church as written in Daniel and Revelations who have fulfilled the 1260 year prophecy of the great tribulation, the Catholic Inquisition lasting 500 years having started in the 13th century, the final end of the 1260 year persecution.[7]
Many other groups, such as Jehovah's Witnesses, do not believe in a Rapture at any point.[8] According to Jehovah's Witnesses, the Great Tribulation is soon to arrive. This period will see the destruction of Babylon the Great, the Great Harlot, as spoken of in Revelation. After Babylon the Great has been removed, they say, the world powers shall move against God's chosen people for a short while. This will then usher in the ending of this "world" (not the earth, but the destruction of all those who do not wish to follow God) according to their understanding of Proverbs 2:21-22. The Great Tribulation ends with the battle of Armageddon.[9][10]
Preterist view[edit]
In the Preterist view, the Tribulation took place in the past when Roman legions destroyed Jerusalem and its temple in AD 70 during the end stages of the First Jewish–Roman War, and it only affected the Jewish people rather than all mankind.
Christian preterists believe that the Tribulation was a divine judgment visited upon the Jews for their sins, including rejection of Jesus as the promised Messiah. It occurred entirely in the past, around 70 AD when the armed forces of the Roman Empire destroyed Jerusalem and its temple.
A preterist discussion of the Tribulation has its focus on the Gospels, in particular the prophetic passages in Matthew 24, Mark 13 and Luke 21, rather than on theApocalypse or Book of Revelation. (Preterists apply much of the symbolism in the Revelation to Rome, the Cæsars, and their persecution of Christians, rather than to the Tribulation upon the Jews.)
Jesus' warning in Matthew 24:34 that "this generation shall not pass, till all these things be fulfilled" is tied back to his similar warning to the Scribes and thePharisees that their judgment would "come upon this generation" (Matthew 23:36), that is, during the first century rather than at a future time long after the Scribes and Pharisees had died. The destruction in 70 AD occurred within a 40-year generation from the time when Jesus gave that discourse.
The judgment on the Jewish nation was executed by the Roman legions, "the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet" (Matthew 24:15), which Luke presented to his Gentile audience, unfamiliar with Daniel, as "armies" surrounding Jerusalem to cause its "desolation." (Luke 21:20)
Since Matthew 24 begins with Jesus visiting the Jerusalem Temple and pronouncing that "there shall not be left here one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown down" (vs. 3), preterists see nothing in Scripture to indicate that another Jewish temple will ever be built. The prophecies were all fulfilled on the then-existing temple that Jesus spoke about and that was subsequently destroyed within that generation.
In the Preterist view, the Tribulation took place in the past when Roman legions destroyed Jerusalem and its temple in AD 70 during the end stages of the First Jewish–Roman War, and it only affected the Jewish people rather than all mankind.
Christian preterists believe that the Tribulation was a divine judgment visited upon the Jews for their sins, including rejection of Jesus as the promised Messiah. It occurred entirely in the past, around 70 AD when the armed forces of the Roman Empire destroyed Jerusalem and its temple.
A preterist discussion of the Tribulation has its focus on the Gospels, in particular the prophetic passages in Matthew 24, Mark 13 and Luke 21, rather than on theApocalypse or Book of Revelation. (Preterists apply much of the symbolism in the Revelation to Rome, the Cæsars, and their persecution of Christians, rather than to the Tribulation upon the Jews.)
Jesus' warning in Matthew 24:34 that "this generation shall not pass, till all these things be fulfilled" is tied back to his similar warning to the Scribes and thePharisees that their judgment would "come upon this generation" (Matthew 23:36), that is, during the first century rather than at a future time long after the Scribes and Pharisees had died. The destruction in 70 AD occurred within a 40-year generation from the time when Jesus gave that discourse.
The judgment on the Jewish nation was executed by the Roman legions, "the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet" (Matthew 24:15), which Luke presented to his Gentile audience, unfamiliar with Daniel, as "armies" surrounding Jerusalem to cause its "desolation." (Luke 21:20)
Since Matthew 24 begins with Jesus visiting the Jerusalem Temple and pronouncing that "there shall not be left here one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown down" (vs. 3), preterists see nothing in Scripture to indicate that another Jewish temple will ever be built. The prophecies were all fulfilled on the then-existing temple that Jesus spoke about and that was subsequently destroyed within that generation.
Historicist view[edit]
The Historicist view applies Tribulation to the period known as "persecution of the saints" (Daniel 7, Revelation 13). This is believed by some to have been a period after the "falling away" when papal Rome came to power for 1260 years from 538 to 1798 (using the Day-year principle). They believe that the tribulation is not a future event.[11][12] Matthew's reference to "great tribulation" (Matthew 24:29) as parallel to Revelation 6:12-13, having ended when the signs and wonders began in the late 18th century.[13]
Historicists are prone to see prophecy fulfilled down through the centuries and even in today's world. Thus, instead of expecting a single Antichrist to rule the earth during a future Tribulation period, Martin Luther, John Calvin and the other Protestant Reformers saw the Antichrist as a present feature in the world of their time, fulfilled in the papacy.
The Historicist view applies Tribulation to the period known as "persecution of the saints" (Daniel 7, Revelation 13). This is believed by some to have been a period after the "falling away" when papal Rome came to power for 1260 years from 538 to 1798 (using the Day-year principle). They believe that the tribulation is not a future event.[11][12] Matthew's reference to "great tribulation" (Matthew 24:29) as parallel to Revelation 6:12-13, having ended when the signs and wonders began in the late 18th century.[13]
Historicists are prone to see prophecy fulfilled down through the centuries and even in today's world. Thus, instead of expecting a single Antichrist to rule the earth during a future Tribulation period, Martin Luther, John Calvin and the other Protestant Reformers saw the Antichrist as a present feature in the world of their time, fulfilled in the papacy.
Relativistic critique[edit]
The anticipation of worldwide hardships, disasters, famine, war, pain, and suffering anticipated by Christians, mainly in the Western world, is predicated on a scenario of increased distress, deprivation and misery set against a pre-existent state of relative comfort, prosperity, security and peace. However, in many parts of the world, the predominant environment meets the criteria for the "Great Tribulation" most of the time, and has done so for many centuries. Since biblical times, much of the planet's population has suffered the ravages of droughts and famines, extreme weather, plagues, chronic warring conflicts, natural disasters and unremitting poverty and disease in endlessly repeating cycles. Such a predicament continues to this day in many parts of, for example, Africa, the Middle East and Asia. A theology based on the spread of an already pre-existent scenario can be criticized as denying the time-worn sufferings of the many and focusing on the chronologically brief problems of the relatively few.[citation needed]
The anticipation of worldwide hardships, disasters, famine, war, pain, and suffering anticipated by Christians, mainly in the Western world, is predicated on a scenario of increased distress, deprivation and misery set against a pre-existent state of relative comfort, prosperity, security and peace. However, in many parts of the world, the predominant environment meets the criteria for the "Great Tribulation" most of the time, and has done so for many centuries. Since biblical times, much of the planet's population has suffered the ravages of droughts and famines, extreme weather, plagues, chronic warring conflicts, natural disasters and unremitting poverty and disease in endlessly repeating cycles. Such a predicament continues to this day in many parts of, for example, Africa, the Middle East and Asia. A theology based on the spread of an already pre-existent scenario can be criticized as denying the time-worn sufferings of the many and focusing on the chronologically brief problems of the relatively few.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Matthew 24:1-51, Mark 13:1-37, John 16:1-33
- ^ Revelation 2:22,7:14
- ^ Lahaye, Timothy and Ice, Thomas. Charting the End Times: A Visual Guide to Understanding Bible Prophecy. (Tim LaHaye Prophecy Library(TM)) Harvest House Publishers 2001 pp. 66–67.[clarification needed]
- ^ http://www.tedmontgomery.com/bblovrvw/C_12e.html
- ^ http://www.gotquestions.org/difference-Rapture-Second-Coming.html
- ^ http://biblia.com/bible/esv/1%20Thessalonians%204.13-18
- ^ The pure and primitive Christian Church, and those who would question their claims cannot show either by history or tradition that they were subscribed to the popish rituals, or bowed down before any of the idols of the Roman Church... in short, there is no other way of explaining the political, moral, and religious phenomenon, which the Vaudois (Waldenses) have continued to display from so many centuries, than by ascribing it to the manifest inter positions of Providence, which has chosen in them, the weak things of this world, to confound the things that are mighty.” Gilly, Excursions to Piedmont, p. 259.
- ^ The Watchtower 1993 January 15 p.4 ‘Caught Away to Meet the Lord’—How?
- ^ ARMAGEDDON A Happy Beginning
- ^ THE LAST DAYS WHEN?
- ^ Benware, Paul N. Understanding End Times Prophecy: A Comprehensive Approach. Moody Publishers (Chicago, IL, USA). Ch. 13: The Posttribulation Rapture View. pg. 240
- ^ http://www.biblebb.com/files/eschatology.htm
- ^ Smith, Uriah, Daniel and Revelation, pp. 437–449
- ^ Matthew 24:1-51, Mark 13:1-37, John 16:1-33
- ^ Revelation 2:22,7:14
- ^ Lahaye, Timothy and Ice, Thomas. Charting the End Times: A Visual Guide to Understanding Bible Prophecy. (Tim LaHaye Prophecy Library(TM)) Harvest House Publishers 2001 pp. 66–67.[clarification needed]
- ^ http://www.tedmontgomery.com/bblovrvw/C_12e.html
- ^ http://www.gotquestions.org/difference-Rapture-Second-Coming.html
- ^ http://biblia.com/bible/esv/1%20Thessalonians%204.13-18
- ^ The pure and primitive Christian Church, and those who would question their claims cannot show either by history or tradition that they were subscribed to the popish rituals, or bowed down before any of the idols of the Roman Church... in short, there is no other way of explaining the political, moral, and religious phenomenon, which the Vaudois (Waldenses) have continued to display from so many centuries, than by ascribing it to the manifest inter positions of Providence, which has chosen in them, the weak things of this world, to confound the things that are mighty.” Gilly, Excursions to Piedmont, p. 259.
- ^ The Watchtower 1993 January 15 p.4 ‘Caught Away to Meet the Lord’—How?
- ^ ARMAGEDDON A Happy Beginning
- ^ THE LAST DAYS WHEN?
- ^ Benware, Paul N. Understanding End Times Prophecy: A Comprehensive Approach. Moody Publishers (Chicago, IL, USA). Ch. 13: The Posttribulation Rapture View. pg. 240
- ^ http://www.biblebb.com/files/eschatology.htm
- ^ Smith, Uriah, Daniel and Revelation, pp. 437–449
Further reading[edit]
- The Great Tribulation: Past or Future by Thomas Ice and Kenneth L. Gentry Jr. (Kregel Publications, 1999) ISBN 0-8254-2901-3
- Four Views on the Book of Revelation by Kenneth L. Gentry Jr., Sam Hamstra Jr., C. Marvin Pate and Robert L. Thomas (Zondervan, 1998) ISBN 0-310-21080-1
- Great Prophecies of the Bible by Ralph Woodrow (Ralph Woodrow Evangelistic Association, 1971) ISBN 0-916938-02-6
- The Great Tribulation: Past or Future by Thomas Ice and Kenneth L. Gentry Jr. (Kregel Publications, 1999) ISBN 0-8254-2901-3
- Four Views on the Book of Revelation by Kenneth L. Gentry Jr., Sam Hamstra Jr., C. Marvin Pate and Robert L. Thomas (Zondervan, 1998) ISBN 0-310-21080-1
- Great Prophecies of the Bible by Ralph Woodrow (Ralph Woodrow Evangelistic Association, 1971) ISBN 0-916938-02-6
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Great Tribulation
Look up great tribulation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
| Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Great Tribulation |
| Look up great tribulation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Navigation menu
Top Stories
Gaza truce falls apart as more rockets fly
US strikes Islamic State after Obama call to prevent Iraq 'genocide'
Supreme Court refuses to hear from Quebec construction boss
Ebola declared an international public health emergency by World Health...
Iselle weakens to tropical storm, bringing rain and wind to Hawaii's Big Island
Russia demands Internet users show ID to access public Wi-Fi
prophet muhammad »
Prophet Muhammad in Loss and Grief
Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the ...
World »
Canadian MH17 victim Andrei Anghel's remains ID'd
South Africa: Oscar Judgment in September
Canada »
Stories we're watching: Guilty plea in the Moncton RCMP murders
Opposition calls for public inquiry in wake of AG report
CBSA has let religious travellers avoid female guards in the past
Ron Giesbrecht fires back, says he is 'one of the lowest paid Chiefs' in Canada ...
Unpaid internships losing traction, NDP MP says
Business »
Surprisingly dismal job growth will keep interest rates low
17% of condo owners in Toronto, Vancouver bought for investment
S&P revises outlook on Canada's big six banks to negative
Toronto stock market closes higher as tensions ease in Ukraine
Union goes to court over fewer flight attendants on Air Canada planes
Technology »
Drivers on the hook for expired plates after Service Ontario glitch
Entertainment »
Box Office: 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' Heading for $50 Million-Plus Debut
Radio station plays songs cut in half
About Alex, reviewed: The Big Chill for millennials, with an indie soundtrack to boot
Less Like a Chef, More Like an Actor
Sports »
Who the heck should Blue Jays fans be mad at?
Kevin Love Trade Inspires T'Wolves Fans To Burn Jersey, But Not Really (Video)
Rogers Cup Montreal: Serena Williams advances to semis
McIlroy Surges Into Lead at Valhalla
Andy Murray beaten by Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in Rodgers Cup quarter-final in Toronto
Science »
Notable facts about bald eagles
Langley Lagoon Clean-up of Dead Fish Underway
Health »
Food Recall - Marc Angelo brand Genoa Salami
Baby boomers see working out as a chore, study says
Interaction
Tools
Print/export
Languages
Table of contents[edit]
The Natural History consists of 37 books. Pliny devised his own table of contents. The table below is a summary based on modern names for topics.
Volume Books Contents I 1 Preface and tables of contents, lists of authorities 2 Astronomy, meteorology II 3–6 Geography and ethnography 7 Anthropology and human physiology III 8–11 Zoology, including mammals, snakes, marine animals, birds, insects IV–VII 12–27 Botany, including agriculture, horticulture, especially of the vine and olive, medicine VIII 28–32 Pharmacology, magic, water, Aquatic life IX–X 33–37 Mining and mineralogy, especially as applied to life and art, work in gold and silver,[13] statuary in bronze,[14] painting,[15] modelling,[16] sculpture in marble,[17] precious stones and gems[18]
The Natural History consists of 37 books. Pliny devised his own table of contents. The table below is a summary based on modern names for topics.
| Volume | Books | Contents |
|---|---|---|
| I | 1 | Preface and tables of contents, lists of authorities |
| 2 | Astronomy, meteorology | |
| II | 3–6 | Geography and ethnography |
| 7 | Anthropology and human physiology | |
| III | 8–11 | Zoology, including mammals, snakes, marine animals, birds, insects |
| IV–VII | 12–27 | Botany, including agriculture, horticulture, especially of the vine and olive, medicine |
| VIII | 28–32 | Pharmacology, magic, water, Aquatic life |
| IX–X | 33–37 | Mining and mineralogy, especially as applied to life and art, work in gold and silver,[13] statuary in bronze,[14] painting,[15] modelling,[16] sculpture in marble,[17] precious stones and gems[18] |
Suda
The Suda or Souda (Medieval Greek: Σοῦδα Soũda) is a massive 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world, formerly attributed to an author called Suidas. It is an encyclopedic lexicon, written in Greek, with 30,000 entries, many drawing from ancient sources that have since been lost, and often derived from medieval Christian compilers. The derivation is probably[1] from the Byzantine Greek word souda, meaning "fortress" or "stronghold," with the alternate name, Suidas, stemming from an error made by Eustathius, who mistook the title for the proper name of the author.40kconein Dubai, United Arab Emirates(UAE). It ends at Ras Al Khor Wildlife Sanctuary. Some sources say that the creek extended as far inland as Al Ain, and that the Ancient Greeks called it River Zara.[1] Historically, the creek divided the city into two main sections – Deira and Bur Dubai. It was along the Bur Dubai creek area that members of the Bani Yas tribe first settled in the 19th century, establishing the Al Maktoum dynasty in the city.[2] In the early 20th century, the creek, though incapable then of supporting large scale transportation, served as a minor port for dhows coming as far away as India or East Africa. Although it impeded the entry of ships due to current flow, the creek remained an important element in establishing the commercial position of Dubai, being the only port or harbour in the city.[3] Dubai's pearling industry, which formed the main sector of the city's economy, was based primarily on expeditions in the creek, prior to the invention of cultured pearls in the 1930s.
An encyclopedia (also spelled encyclopaedia or encyclopædia)[1] is a type of reference work orcompendium holding a comprehensive summary of information from either all branches of knowledge or a particular branch of knowledge.[2] Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries, which are usually accessedalphabetically by article name.[3] Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in mostdictionaries.[3] Generally speaking, unlike dictionary entries, which focus on linguistic information about words, encyclopedia articles focus on factual information to cover the thing or concept for which the article name stands.[4][5][6][7]
The Suda or Souda (Medieval Greek: Σοῦδα Soũda) is a massive 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world, formerly attributed to an author called Suidas. It is an encyclopedic lexicon, written in Greek, with 30,000 entries, many drawing from ancient sources that have since been lost, and often derived from medieval Christian compilers. The derivation is probably[1] from the Byzantine Greek word souda, meaning "fortress" or "stronghold," with the alternate name, Suidas, stemming from an error made by Eustathius, who mistook the title for the proper name of the author.40kconein Dubai, United Arab Emirates(UAE). It ends at Ras Al Khor Wildlife Sanctuary. Some sources say that the creek extended as far inland as Al Ain, and that the Ancient Greeks called it River Zara.[1] Historically, the creek divided the city into two main sections – Deira and Bur Dubai. It was along the Bur Dubai creek area that members of the Bani Yas tribe first settled in the 19th century, establishing the Al Maktoum dynasty in the city.[2] In the early 20th century, the creek, though incapable then of supporting large scale transportation, served as a minor port for dhows coming as far away as India or East Africa. Although it impeded the entry of ships due to current flow, the creek remained an important element in establishing the commercial position of Dubai, being the only port or harbour in the city.[3] Dubai's pearling industry, which formed the main sector of the city's economy, was based primarily on expeditions in the creek, prior to the invention of cultured pearls in the 1930s.
An encyclopedia (also spelled encyclopaedia or encyclopædia)[1] is a type of reference work orcompendium holding a comprehensive summary of information from either all branches of knowledge or a particular branch of knowledge.[2] Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries, which are usually accessedalphabetically by article name.[3] Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in mostdictionaries.[3] Generally speaking, unlike dictionary entries, which focus on linguistic information about words, encyclopedia articles focus on factual information to cover the thing or concept for which the article name stands.[4][5][6][7]
.htm_cmp_artsy100_hbtn.gif)
Monday, 30 May 2005 00:00 | 
Written by Richard Thompson | 
