For other uses of "Operation Phoenix", see Operation Phoenix. Operation Phoenix logo Operation Phoenix was a post-World War II rehabilitation program carried out by the Victorian Railways (VR) in Australia. The program commenced in 1950 and was originally planned to take 10 years and cost £80 million pounds.[1] Operation Phoenix was named after the bird from Egyptian mythology.

For other uses of "Operation Phoenix", see Operation Phoenix.

Operation Phoenix was a post-World War II rehabilitation program carried out by the Victorian Railways (VR) in Australia. The program commenced in 1950 and was originally planned to take 10 years and cost £80 million pounds.^[1] Operation Phoenix was named after the bird from Egyptian mythology.

Operation Phoenix

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  (Redirected from Operation Phoenix (disambiguation))

Operation Phoenix may refer to:

Background[edit]

The Victorian Railways of the 1930s and 1940s had become run down, with years of economic depression, the war effort, and material shortages resulting in a general decline. At the time it was expected that a railway the size of VR should have been building 25 locomotives, 30 to 40 carriages, and 500 wagons per year, as well as relaying 60 miles of track. In reality VR were only able to build an average of 4 locomotives and 200 wagons per year, and these gains had been counteracted by long overdue scrappings.^[1]

Serviceton, Victoria

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Serviceton Victoria
Platform side of Serviceton railway station
Serviceton
Coordinates	36°22′0″S 140°59′0″ECoordinates: 36°22′0″S 140°59′0″E
Population	270 (2011)[1]
Established	1887
Postcode(s)	3420
Elevation	119 m (390 ft)
Location	437 km (272 mi) fromMelbourne 294 km (183 mi) fromAdelaide (SA) 139 km (86 mi) fromHorsham
LGA(s)	Shire of West Wimmera
State electorate(s)	Lowan
Federal Division(s)	Mallee
Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall 21.2 °C 70 °F 8.1 °C 47 °F 490 mm 19.3 in

Serviceton is a small town in Victoria, Australia, located near the Victorian-South Australian border, 437 kilometres north-west of Melbourne. The town was named after James Service, Premier of Victoria in 1880 and from 1883-86. At the 2011 census, Serviceton and the surrounding area had a population of 270.^[1]

When the Victorian and South Australian railways were joined at the old border in 1887, a station was built on the border. The border was intended to be on the 141st meridian east but, owing to a surveying error, border markers were placed 3.6 km west of the meridian. Victoria finally succeeded in having the erroneously surveyed borderdeclared to be the legal border in 1913, and therefore Serviceton is now fully in Victoria. The station is not used butThe Overland passes through the town.^[2] Nevertheless, the old South Australian Railways, and its successors, theAustralian National Railways Commission, the National Rail Corporation and the Australian Rail Track Corporationhave continued to own the railway to Serviceton outright. Serviceton Post Office opened on 16 September 1886, from 1908 to 1911 it was known as Serviceton Railway Station. A Serviceton North office on the Western Highway operated from 1911 until 1954 and a Serviceton South office was open briefly in 1926 and 1927.^[3]

Town side of the Serviceton railway station

The town is the subject of a Tom Waits song entitled "Town With No Cheer" from his album Swordfishtrombones.^[4]

Golfers play at the course of the Serviceton Golf Club on the Adelaide-Melbourne Highway.^[5]

Notes[edit]

1. ^ Jump up to:^a b

   The Ghan

   From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

   "Ghan" redirects here. For the Muslim camel drivers, see Afghan (Australia).

   The Ghan

   Overview
   Locale	Australia
   Transit type	Transcontinental passenger rail
   Number of lines	1
   Number of stations	14
   Operation
   Began operation	1929
   Operator(s)	Great Southern Rail
   Technical
   System length	2,979 km (1,851 mi)
   Track gauge	4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) (standard gauge)

   [hide]The Ghan
   Darwin Katherine Tennant Creek Alice Springs Kulgera Northern Territory / South Australia border Chandler Marla Coober Pedy (Manguri) Tarcoola Kingoonya Pimba Port Augusta Coonamia near Port Pirie Adelaide Parklands Terminal

   The Ghan is a passenger train between Adelaide, Alice Springs, and Darwin on the Adelaide–Darwin railway in Australia. Operated by Great Southern Rail, it takes 54 hours to travel the 2,979 kilometres (1,851 mi) with a four-hour stopover in Alice Springs.^[1]

Alamein railway line

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Alamein railway line, Melbourne
Line details
Commenced	1890
Completed	1948
Stations	6
Tracks	Double track to outside Ashburton, single track beyond
Service pattern	Shuttle to Camberwell stationoffpeak, stopping all stations to city in peak
Rolling stock	Comeng, X'Trapolis
Connections	Belgrave and Lilydale lines
Former connections	Outer Circle
Railways in Melbourne
List of stations Freight railways Closed railways Proposed railways

The Alamein railway line is a suburban electric railway in Melbourne, Australia. It serves part of the City of Boroondara, to the east of the Melbourne central business district. It has six stations and branches from theBelgrave and Lilydale lines at Camberwell station. It is entirely within Metlink ticketing Zone 1.

Military-related[edit]

• Phoenix Program, CIA military, intelligence, and internal security program in the Vietnam War
• Vela Incident, suspected 1979 Israeli-South African nuclear test allegedly codenamed "Operation Phenix"
• Project Phoenix (South Africa), South African response to mass SWAPO infiltration of South-West Africa
• 2008 Colombian raid into Ecuador, codenamed Operación Fénix (Operation Phoenix)
• Operation Phoenix (1966), Vietnam War military operation, February 1966 in Biên Hòa Province
• Operation Phoenix, Croatian Army defense of Slavonia during the Operation Storm

Other[edit]

• Operation Phoenix (railway), Victorian Railways post-war rebuilding project commenced in 1950
• Operation Phoenix (album), album by Good Riddance
• Operation Phoenix (game expansion), a game add-on for Counter-Strike: Global Offensive

Significance of capstone or marker to identify "The Land" GEO; EARTH, Parcel or tract Herbert Jennings Rose; and John Scheid (2003). "Terminus". In Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth. The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3rd edition, revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1485–1486. ISBN 0-19-860641-9. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ovid, Fasti 2.639–684. Jump up ^ Siculus Flaccus, De Condicionibus Agrorum 11. ^ Jump up to: a b W. Warde Fowler (1899). The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic: An Introduction to the Study of the Religion of the Romans. London: Macmillan and Co. pp. 324–327. Retrieved 2007-03-24. ^ Jump up to: a b c H. H. Scullard (1981). Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 79–80. ISBN 0-500-40041-5. Jump up ^ Samuel Ball Platner; and Thomas Ashby (1929). "Terminus, Fanum". A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. London: Oxford University Press. p. 512. Retrieved 2007-03-19.

Terminus (god)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Terminus is often pictured as a bust on a boundary stone, here the concedo nvlli orconcedo nulli means "yield no ground".

Topics in Roman mythology
Major gods
Jupiter Mars Quirinus Vesta Juno Fortuna Minerva Mercury Vulcan Ceres Venus Lares
Topics
Roman Kingdom Religion in ancient Rome Flamens Roman, Greek, and Etruscan mythologies compared
Other minor Roman deities
Penates Genius Dei Lucrii Furrina Bona Dea Carmenta Camenae Dea Dia Convector Lemures Manes Bonus Eventus Portunes Flora Lupercus Pales Pomona Egeria Terminus
v t e

In Roman religion, Terminus was the god who protected boundary markers; his name was the Latin word for such a marker. Sacrifices were performed to sanctify each boundary stone, and landowners celebrated a festival called the "Terminalia" in Terminus' honor each year on February 23. The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill was thought to have been built over a shrine to Terminus, and he was occasionally identified as an aspect of Jupiterunder the name "Jupiter Terminalis".

Ancient writers believed that the worship of Terminus had been introduced to Rome during the reign of the first kingRomulus (traditionally 753–717 BC) or his successor Numa (717–673 BC). Modern scholars have variously seen it as the survival of an early animistic reverence for the power inherent in the boundary marker, or as the Roman development of proto-Indo-European belief in a god concerned with the division of property.

Contents

  [hide] 

• 1 Worship
• 2 History
  • 2.1 Ancient views
  • 2.2 Modern views
• 3 Notes and references
• 4 Further reading
• 5 External links

Worship[edit]

The name of the god Terminus was the Latin word for a boundary stone,^[1] and his worship as recorded in the lateRepublic and Empire centred on this stone, with which the god could be identified.^[2] Siculus Flaccus, a writer on land surveying, records the ritual by which the stone was sanctified: the bones, ashes, and blood of a sacrificial victim, along with crops, honeycombs, and wine, were placed into a hole at a point where estates converged, and the stone was driven in on top.^[3] On February 23 annually, a festival called the Terminalia was celebrated in Terminus' honor, involving practices which can be regarded as a reflection or "yearly renewal" of this foundational ritual.^[4] Neighboring families would garland their respective sides of the marker and make offerings to Terminus at an altar—Ovid identifies these, again, as crops, honeycombs, and wine. The marker itself would be drenched in the blood of a sacrificed lamb or pig. There followed a communal feast and hymns in praise of Terminus.^[2][5]

These rites were practised by private landowners, but there were also related public ceremonies. Ovid refers to the sacrifice of a sheep on the day of the Terminalia at the sixth milestone from Rome along the Via Laurentina;^[2] it is likely this was thought to have marked the boundary between the early Romans and their neighbors in Laurentum.^[5] Also, a stone or altar of Terminus was located in the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Rome's Capitoline Hill. Because of a belief that this stone had to be exposed to the sky, there was a small hole in the ceiling directly above it.^[2][6] On occasion Terminus' association with Jupiter extended to regarding Terminus as an aspect of that god; Dionysius of Halicarnassusrefers to "Jupiter Terminalis",^[7] and one inscription names a god "Juppiter Ter."^[8]

There is some evidence that Terminus' associations could extend from property boundaries to limits more generally. Under the Republican calendar, when the intercalary month Mercedonius was added to a year, it was placed after February 23 or February 24,^[9] and some ancient writers believed that the Terminalia on February 23 had once been the end of the year.^[10] Diocletian's decision in 303 AD to initiate his persecution of Christians on February 23 has been seen as an attempt at enlisting Terminus "to put a limit to the progress of Christianity".^[11]

History[edit]